1 Introduction — The US Transportation System

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• Airport Network
• Navigable Waters
• Natural Gas Pipeline Network
• The Rail Network
• Highway Network
• Interstate Highway Network
• Industrial Components of Nominal GDP ($b)
• Transportation Industry Component of Nominal GDP ($b)
• Personal Consumption Expenditures Component of Nominal GDP ($b)
• Transportation Component of Nominal PCE ($b)
• Federal Government Expenditures on Transportation
• State and Local Government Expenditures on Transportation
• System Mileage
• Bridge Inventory
• Transportation Fleet — Non-Highway
• Transportation Fleet — Highway
• Freight Movements on the Network, 2007
• Freight Movements on the Network — Single Modes
• Freight Movements on the Network — Multiple Modes, 2007
• The Highway Network — By Class, 2009
• The Highway Network — Control
• The Highway Network — By Type, 2009
• Interstate Network
• Highway Finance ($m)
• Commuting to Work — 2009
• Transit Users in Urban Areas —2009 Distribution
• Highway Vehicles – Average Annual Usage, ’000 miles
• Highway Vehicles – Average Fuel Economy, mpg
• Traffic Congestion — 2009
• Air Pollution Emissions, 2008 (thousand tons)
• Motor Vehicle Accidents
• Transit Industry — Structure
• Transit Industry — Finances, $m
• Transit Industry — Output (millions of miles)
• Transit Industry — Demand Met, Fare
• Issues for Urban Transportation Planning, I
• Issues for Urban Transportation Planning, II
• Sources
• Appendix 1 — Price Changes
• Appendix 2 — Average Annual Rates of Change

2 Traffic Congestion : The Mechanics

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• The Problem
• Extent of the Problem : 2009
• Congestion: Average of 437 US Urban Areas
• Congestion in Columbus OH
• Some Proposed Solutions
• Approach, and Preview
• Engineering Concepts: Vehicle Impact
• PCEs and the Traffic Stream — Example
• Volume, Concentration, Capacity
• Speed
• Measuring Space-Mean Speed
• Two Measures of Speed
• Fundamental Relation of Traffic Engineering
• Fundamental Diagram of Traffic Engineering
• Speeds and Fundamental Relation
• Speeds and Concentrations
• Speeds and Volumes
• Level of Service
• Empirical Measurement
• Approach I — The BPR Function
• BPR Function — Interpretation of Parameters
• BPR Function — Example
• Approach II — Statistical Estimation
• Statistical Estimation — Example
• Moving Forward
• Sources

3 Understanding the Congestion Problem :

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• Introduction
• Setting
• Freeway Demand by Individual 1
• Freeway Demand by Individual 2
• Demand by Individuals 1 + 2
• Demand by Many Individuals
• A Property of Demand
• Equilibrium
• Optimum
• What’s Going On?
• The Proposed Solutions – Reminder
• Why They Won’t Work
• So What Will Work?
• Average vs Marginal Costs
• Congestion Tolls
• Reference

4 Optimal Highway Capacity

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• Optimal Capacity
• Implementation — General
• Optimal Capacity
• User Benefits
• Implementation — Concepts
• Model Formulation
• First-Order Conditions (FOCs)
• Interpretation : First FOC
• Interpretation : Second FOC
• Obtaining the Optimal Capacity
• Implications for Highway Finances
• Implications for Highway Finance
• Empirical Implementation
• Empirical Implementation — Speeds
• Empirical Implementation — Public Costs
• Empirical Implementation — Construction Costs
• Empirical Implementation — Land Acquisition Costs
• Implementation — Maintenance Costs
• Empirical Implementation — Example Public Costs
• Empirical Implementation — Traffic Distribution
• Implementation — User Costs
• Results
• Tolls Without Construction
• Freeway Tolls Without Construction
• Arterial Tolls Without Construction
• Reference
• Appendix - Price Changes
• Appendix — Computer Programs

5 Understanding Road Wear and its Causes

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• Introduction
• State and Local Government Expenditures on Transportation
• The Interstate Puzzle
• The Issues
• Strategy
• Engineering Background: Measuring Road Condition
• Roughness of US Roads
• Engineering Background: Road Types
• Engineering Background: Durability
• Engineering Background; Durability
• Engineering Background: Damage/Impact
• Engineering Background : Damage/Impact
• Engineering Background: Damage/Impact
• Policy Implications, I
• Putting It All Together
• The AASHO Study
• Location of the AASHO Study
• An AASHO Test Track
• The AASHO Study
• Results of the AASHO Study
• The Interstate Puzzle, redux
• What Went Wrong?
• An Alternative Statistical Model
• The Small–Winston Re-Analysis
• The Interstate Puzzle, Resolved
• Road Lifetime, GVW and Axles
• Some Simulations
• Policy Implications,II
• Citations

6 Designing Maintenance Policies

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• Quick Review
• Maintenance Policies
• Comparing Maintenance Policies
• Present Value of a Maintenance Policy
• Annualized Present Value of a Maintenance Policy
• The Up-Front Cost
• Putting It All Together
• Some Data
• Some Results for Durability (D)
• Pricing Policy
• Durability Tolls — Theory
• Durability Tolls — Some Estimates
• Optimal Durability Tolls
• Vehicle Types
• Durability Tolls and Taxes
• What if ... ?
• Yes, but ...
• References
• Appendix — Computer Models

7 Pollution Costs of Urban Transportation

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• Air Pollution Emissions, 2008 (thousand tons)
• The Good News
• Nature of the Problem
• Strategy
• Volatile Organic Compounds (V0Cs)
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
• Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
• Lead (Pb)
• Ground-Level Ozone
• Particulate Matter (PM)
• Damage Estimation Methodologies
• Small+Kazimi: Assumptions
• Assumptions: Particulates
• Small+Kazimi: Illustration
• Small+Kazimi : Outline of Calculations
• Small+Kazimi : PM10 in the Air
• Small+Kazimi : NOx Concentration
• Small+Kazimi : Implications for Mortality
• Small+Kazimi : Costs
• Small + Kazimi : Total Vehicle-Related Costs
• Small+Kazimi : Attribution to Specific Vehicles
• Small+Kazimi : Further Work
• Small+Kazimi : Baseline Damage Costs
• Small + Kazimi : Results for Transportation
• Pollution Tax on Cars
• Pollution Tax on Trucks
• Externalities — A Last Look
• Externalities
• Externalities — Caveats
• Externalities with Spread Peak
• References

8 Some Transit History

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• Pre-Nineteenth-Century — I
• Sedan Chair
• Pre-Nineteenth-Century — II
• Horse Fiacre (19th century)
• Nineteenth Century : Intercity Transport (US)
• Nineteenth Century : Urban Horse Technology
• Horse Streetcar
• Nineteenth Century : Urban Steam Technology
• Nineteenth Century : Electric Technology
• First Electric Trolley
• Nineteenth Century : Electric Technology
• End of Nineteenth Century
• 1900 – 1950: Intercity
• 1900 — 1950 : Urban
• PCC Car (Detroit)
• 1950s–1960 Motorbus
• Growth of Public Systems
• Double-Decker Trolley Bus
• 1950s, 1960s : Urban
• Articulated Trolley Bus
• 1950s, 1960s : Intercity
• 1970s
• BART Train
• BART Train (inside)
• 1980s, 1990s
• 1990s+ : Major Legislation
• 2000s : Major Legislation
• Modern Motorbus
• San Diego Light Rail
• Intercity Transportation
• Technological Improvements in Freight Transport
• The Lessons of Transit History
• References

9 Contemporary Transit in the US

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• Public Transit
• Transit Industry — Finances, $m
• Transit Industry — Demand Met, Fare
• Average Fares / Trip, 2010
• System Size, 2010
• Unlinked Passenger Trips, 2010
• Revenue Vehicle Miles, 2010
• Motor Bus, 2010
• Demand Responsive, 2010
• Vanpool, 2010
• Demand Responsive — Taxi, 2010
• Light Rail, 2010
• Commuter Rail, 2010
• Ferryboat, 2010
• Heavy Rail, 2010
• Trolley Bus, 2010
• Inclined Plane, 2010
• Automated Guideway, 2010
• Alaskan RR, 2010
• Cable Car, 2010
• Monorail, 2010
• Publico, 2010
• References

10 The Role of Public Transit

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• Why Transit?
• Why Transit ??
• Role of Public Transit
• Preliminaries
• Role of Urban Transit
• Demand for Urban Transportation
• Values of Time $$1990 ($/hour) : work trips
• Benefits of Current Transportation Modes
• Results: Value of Current Transportation Modes
• Optimal Transit Provision
• Problem Setting
• Net User Benefits
• Transit Net Revenues
• Costs of Bus Transit
• Costs of Rail Transit
• Road Networks
• Equilibration Procedure
• Results
• Results under Alternative Assumptions
• Do We Believe It?
• References

11 Discrete Choice Logit in a Nutshell

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• Introduction
• Discrete Choice
• Individual Behavior
• Structure of Utility
• The Unobservable Part of Utility
• Detailed Structure of Utility
• Implications for the Study of Choice
• Choice Probabilities
• The Logit Model
• Structure of Systematic Utility
• Data
• Estimation
• Values of Time
• IIA Property
• Red Bus / Blue Bus
• Testing for IIA
• Models Without IIA
• Appendix — T1EV
• References

12 Logit and WTP

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• Introduction
• Compensating Variation: Continuous Choice
• Compensating Variation : Initial Position
• Compensating Variation : Final Position
• Compensating Variation
• Compensating Variation and Logit
• CV Example : Logit Model
• CV Example : Initial Conditions
• CV Example : Final Conditions
• CV Example : Calculations
• References

13 A Corridor Model of Urban Transport

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• Introduction
• Spatial Setup
• Trip Making
• Trip-Making : Auto
• Trip-Making : Auto (Formalism)
• Bus Transit Operations
• Trip-Making : Bus Transit
• Trip-Making : Bus Transit (formalism)
• Trip-Making : Bus Transit (Extensions)
• Rail Transit Operations
• Trip Making : Rail System
• Trip Making : Rail (Formalism)
• Application: Role of Transit
• Choice Model
• Base Case Parameters — 1
• Base Case Parameters — 2
• Results — 1
• Results — 2 : Favoring Autos
• Results — 3 : Favoring Transit
• Conclusion
• References

14 Evaluation of Mass Transportation Projects

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• Introduction
• Transportation Inventory — Freeways
• SFBA, Major Roads
• Transit Inventory — West Bay
• MUNI Trolleybus
• MUNI Cable Car
• Golden Gate Ferry
• Transit Inventory — East Bay
• AC Transit Bus
• Transportation Inventory — Other
• Problems
• BART - Chronology
• BART Underground Station
• BART - Chronology
• BART Elevated Station
• The BART System
• BART Capital Costs
• BART — Design Decisions
• BART Train Interior
• BART — Evaluation
• Corridor Model
• BART — Evaluation Strategies
• BART — Evaluation
• BART — Evaluation (Bus Mode)
• BART — Evaluation
• Results : 6 mi. Linehaul
• Results : 12 mi. Linehaul
• Could BART Be Efficient?
• Extensions
• References

15 How Efficient is COTA?

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• Transit Operating Subsidies Since 1970
• Transit Operating Subsidies/Trip Since 1970
• The Question
• The Feasible Region
•  An Observed Transit System
• Input-Oriented Technical Inefficiency
• Output-Oriented Technical Inefficiency
• An Efficient System
• An Approach
• The Missing Region
• Realism Needed
• The Best-Practice Frontier
• Feasible Region : Mix-n-Match
• Feasible Region  : Mix-n-Match
• Feasible Region : Mix-n-Match
• Feasible Region : Convex Hull
• Feasible Region : Disposal
• The Complete Frontier
• The Frontier : Multiple Inputs and Outputs
• The Frontier - Matrix Formulation
• Measuring Technical Efficiency
• Measuring Input-Oriented Technical Efficiency
• A Detailed Example
• Measuring Output-Oriented Technical Efficiency
• The Farrell Measures
• A Difficulty
• The Russell Measures
• An Application : Bus Transit
• System Summary
• Outputs Summary
• Inputs Summary
• Solutions
• Results for COTA
• Other Ohio Bus Operators
• Distribution of Input-Oriented Efficiency
• Distribution of Output-Oriented Efficiency
• Allocative Efficiency
• Software
• Concluding Remarks
• References